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If the members did
not have the same qualities as those mentioned they must not be
in charge of any post which is related to the public interest
and might harm people, such as being in charge of the market, or
shurtah (police), or hisbah, etc., but there are
certain jobs which they can hold such as calling for prayers (adhan,
leading the prayers, lecturing in mosques, and teaching in the
schools.59
There are certain
occasions on which the ‘tyrants’ force Ibadhis to act or speak
contrary to their beliefs. In such circumstances, Ibadhi school
allows its followers to use a special dispensation (rukhsah)
under the principle of religious dissimulation (taqiyah)
to avoid the punishment of death. They can, for example, say
that there is more than one God, or claim walayah for the
enemies of God, and baraah from the true believers, or
give false testimony, or tell lies, all these with the tongue
only without believing it. They also can eat during the day in
Ramadhan, or eat carrion, blood, or pork, all this to avoid the
punishment of death. If the punishment is, for instance,
imprisonment, and they know that they will not die in prison of
hunger or thirst, or some other cruel punishment, they must not
then take the advantage of the special dispensation to avoid
imprisonment, for it is lawful only for avoiding death.60
However, there are certain actions that they must not do even if
that should cause them the loss of their lives, such as slaying
the innocent, or seizing people’s property or wasting it, or
giving up their weapons to the enemies, or drinking wine,
committing adultery, or eating and drinking the unclean (najas).61
Although the
Ibadhis held it lawful to live under the rule of ‘tyrants’
during kitman, the most commendable attitude for members
of the Ibadhi community is to keep away from tyrants and to be
of any help to them.62
On the other hand,
Ibadhis must pray Friday prayers with the tyrants, and join them
in the daily prayers in order to keep collective prayers.63
It is also lawful
for the Ibadhis to take gifts from the ‘tyrants’ if they give
them, nut they must not ask the ‘tyrants’ for them.64
The Nukkar, however, objected to this, and this was one of the
topics on which they differed from the other Ibadhi scholars.65
Besides, Ibadhis, although living under the rule of ‘tyrants’,
must have their own organisation to look after their affairs,
and to plan for the safety of their community and to preserve
the teachings of their schools; in other words, to prevent the
Ibadhis from melting into the large body of their opponents, and
to prepare for ‘manifestation’.
1. Abu Zakariya al-Jannawani,
al-Wad., 29; Aqidat al-tawhid, 17ff; Amr b. Jumai,
Aqidat al-tawhid, 50-54, Ahmad b. Bakr, Masail al-tawhid,
My edition, 24
2. Shammakh,
Siyar, 372; Darjini, Tabaqat, 340
3. Loc. Cit;
Ahmad b. Bakr, op. cit, 24; Abu al-Rabi Sulaiman b. Yakhlaf,
Tuhaf, 32
4. Darjini,
Tabaqat, 5, Ahmad b. Bakr, op. cit., 25
5. Shammakhi,
Sharh Aqidat al-tawhid, 50
6. Loc. Cit.,
7. Loc. Cit; al-Qutb,
Sharh Aqidat al-tawhid., 113-114
8. Abu Ammar Abd
al-Kafi, al-Mujaz, Ms. 213-214
9. Ajwibat
Ulama Fazzan.,
Ms. 98; Shammakhi,
op cit., 54; Abu Amir Musa b. Amir, al-Luqat, Ms. 3, 8.
For more details about the Ibadhi administration during the
stage of manifestation, Cf. Warijlani, al-Dalil., Ms.
103a ff. Of the modern scholars, Dr. J. Wilkinson treated the
subject sufficiently in appendix F of his thesis on Uman. “The
Imam and his powers,” Volume II, Appendix F, 1-12
10. Shammakhi, op.
cit, 52
11. Ahmad b. Bakr,
Masail al-tawhid, 25
12. Shammakhi, op
cit., 53
13. Ali Mu'ammar,
Nash'at al-madhhab al-Ibadi, 94
14. Shammakhi,
Siyar, 372; Sharh Aqidat al-tawhid, 53. And the note
by Abu Ishaq, 54-55
15. Ibn Sallam,
Bad’ul-Islam; 56-59. Both Shammakhi and Abu Ishaq rejected
the opinion that Abu Hatim was Imam of defence, and suggested
that he was a manifest Imam (imam zuhur). Sharh Aqidat
al-tawhid; editor Abu Ishaq, 53
16. Darjini,
Tabaqat, 129; Abu Zakariya, Siyar; 49a ff.
Shammakhi, Siyar, 350
17. Ali Mu’ammar,
Nash'at al-madhhab al-Ibadi, 9495
18. Della Vida,
article “Kharidjites,” Sh. I.E., 246
19. Qur’an:
IX, III
20. Qur’an:
IV, 74
21. Qur’an:
II, 207
22. Cf. supra,
16-17
23. Baghturi,
Siyar., 3; Cf. supra, 17
24. Munir b. al-Nai'yir
al-Ju'lani, Sirah., Ms. 9
25. Al-Qutb,
Sharh Aqidat al-tawhid, 114.
26. Watt,
Muhammad, Prophet and statesman., (1967), 57
27. Qur’an:
VIII, 64
28. Al-Qutb, op.
cit., 114
29. Cf supra, 21-23
30. Ahmad b. Bakr,
Masail al-tawhid., 25; al-Jami, (Abu mas’alah), 26
31. Salimi,
Tuhfah., I, 91
32. Abu Zakariya
al-Jannawani, Aqidah, 19; Ahmad b. Bakr, Masail al-tawhid.,
25; Warijlan., Dalil., 149b; Abu Ammar, Mujaz.,
II, 126
33. Ahmad b. Bakr,
op. cit, 25
34. Abu Zakariya
al-Jannawani, Aqidah, 17; Musa b. Amir, Luqat, Ms.
3, 8
35. Al-Harithi,
Salih b. Ali Ayn al-masalih fi Jawabat al-Shaikh Salih,
editor al-Tanukhi, Damascus, n.d. 412
36. Warijlani,
Dalil., 99b
37. Al-Qutb,
Sharh Aqidat al-tawhid, 113
38. Shammakhi,
Siyar., 88
39. Al-Qutb, op.
cit. 115
40. Talati,
Sharh Aqidat al-tawhid., 54
41. Abu Ammar,
Mujaz., Ms. In the possession of Muh. al-Aiyubi,224 Al-Aiyubi,
224
42. Qur’an:
XV, 94. Cf. Guillaume, The life of Muhammad. Oxford 1967,
117
43. Darjini,
Tabaqat., 129
44. Cf. Jitali,
Qawaid., Ms. 184
45. Ahmad b. Bakr,
Masail al-tawhid., 24
46. Cf. Lewicki,
article “Halkah,” E.I. 2nd edition
47. Cf. Rubinacci,
“Un antico documento di vita cenabitica musulmana.” A.I.O.N.,
Vol. X, 37-78
48. Abu Ammar,
Mujaz., Ms. II, 124. Cf. supra, 377
49. Cf. Shammakhi,
Qasim b. Sulaiman, Sharh al-lu’lu’ah., Ms. 420
50. Al-Qutb,
Jawabat., Ms. (fragments in my collection); al-Harithi, Isa
b. Salih, Khulasat al-wasa’il fi tartib al-masa’ii., II,
466
51. Al-Qutb,
Sharh Aqidat al-tawhid., 113
52. Shammakhi,
Siyar, 92; Darjini, Tabaqat, 238-39
53. Warijlani, Dalil,
149b-150a
54. Warijlani,
al-Adl, Ms. II, 292-93
55. Wisyani,
Siyar., 106; Darjini, op. cit., 378
56. Warijlani,
al-Adl., Ms. II, 296
57. Salim b. Dhakwan,
Sirah., Ms. 222
58. Warijlani,
Dalil, 108a-b; al-Adl., II, 314-322
59. Loc. Cit.
60. Ahmad b.
Muhammad b. Bakr, al-Jami., (Abu mas’alah), 108
61. Ibid.,
109; For more details about the Ibadhis concept of religious
dissimulation (taqiyah) and the laws related to it, Cf.
Ibn Barakah, al-Jami (Ms.), 61-65; Musabi, Hashiyah
ala al-Musarrih., (Ms.), 109b-111a; and Salimi, Mashariq
anwar al-uqul., Cairo, 1314, 456-461.
62. Cf. supra,
413-14
63. Ahmad b.
Muhammad b. Bakr, Masail al-tawhid., 25
64. Abu al-Rabi
Sulaiman b. Yakhlaf, Tuhaf., (Ms.), 39a
Cf. supra. 269
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