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The women preserved
from sin, and those commended by God in the Quran are:
أ)
Eve,
mother of mankind; for she and Adam said, “Lord, we have wronged
ourselves, and if thou does not forgive us and have mercy upon
us, we shall surely be among the lost.”40
ب)
Sarah,
wife of Ibrahim, (Abraham).
ج)
Rahmah,
wife of Aiyub, (Job).
د)
Hannah,
mother of Mary.
ه)
Mennah,
mother of John.
و)
Asiyah,
wife of Pharaoh.
ز)
Zulaikha,
wife of Yusuf (Joseph).
ح)
Mary,
daughter of Imran, and mother of Jesus.
ط)
Aishah,
the wife of the Prophet Muhammad.40
The second aspect
of the system of walayah, is known as walayah with
individuals walayat al-ashkhas., or walayat al-makhsusin.
This is regarded as a part of the mutual rights of
believers.41 The following Traditions from the
Prophet and Athar from his Companions, in addition to the
Quranic verses commanding Muslims to dissociate themselves from
evil persons,42 are the proofs adduced by Ibadhi
scholars for the obligatory nature of walayat al-ashkhas.
أ)
It is
reported that the Prophet said, “He who gave and forbade for the
sake of Allah, and loved and hated for the sake of Allah has
fulfilled the faith.”43
ب)
He also
said, “Allah blesses Abu Dharr, he walks alone, he will die
alone, and will be resurrected from death alone.”44
ج)
It is
reported that Umar b. al-Khattab said, “In whomsoever we saw
good, and of whom we thought good, we say good of him and take
him as a friend (waliy), and in whomsoever we saw evil,
and thought badly of him, we speak bad of him, and dissociate
ourselves from him.”45
د)
It is
also reported that Abdullah b. Umar said, “By Allah, if I fast
the whole day and pray the whole night and spend all my property
in the way of Allah, then I die with no love in my heart for
those who obey Allah, and no hatred for those who disobey Allah,
all of that (good I have done) will be in vain for me.”46
Relying on the above mentioned Traditions then, Ibadhi scholars
furnish the proof that walayah with individuals,
walayat al-ashkhas, is an obligatory duty.47
The individual
merits, walayah, under the following conditions.48
i)
If he
behaves and conducts himself, even with regard to his physical
appearance, in the manner befitting believers.
ii)
Only
satisfactory reports should be heard about him with regard to
fulfilling his religious duties.
iii)
A
believer should be satisfied in his own heart about what is
heard and seen of that individual
iv)
His views
should be consistent with those of the Ibadhi school.
This individual
merits walayah, from the believers if it were observed
that:
1.
It is
known through personal experience that he is in full agreement
with the believers (i.e. Ibadhis) in word and deed.
2.
It is
widely known that he faithfully observes his religious duties.
3.
It is
known that he is faithful in fulfilling his religious, as
testified by two persons of equity.
4.
It is
known that he faithfully observes his religious duties, as
testified by one person of equity, even if the witness were a
woman or a slave.49 Any person who is known to met
the above conditions merits ‘walayah’ from the believers.
There are four
further sections going with this part of ‘walayah’:
A) ‘Walayah’
with the Ibadhi Imams and religious leaders who propagated the
true teachings of Islam, and refuted false teachings. ‘Walayah’
with them is obligatory for the people of their country, and all
other Muslims who hear of them. They merit ‘walayah’ for
being widely known for activity in propagating the true religion
and defending it. This ‘walayah’ cannot be changed even
if a large number of people spoke ill of them.50
According to those scholars who say that the Imams of the
‘manifest stage’ must not remain unknown to the believers, ‘walayah’,
must be directed to them as well.51 Ibadhi sources
give the following list of the Imams of the ‘manifest stage’ (مسلك
الظهور ).52:
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