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We
hold that Allah is true to His promise and threat.
We
hold belief in eternal existence o the people of Paradise in
paradise, and in eternal existence of the people of Hell in
Hell.
We
hold that both Paradise and Hell are everlasting and will never
pass away.
We
hold that God's reward to His friends in the World to come, and
His punishment for His enemies in the World to Come do not
resemble His reward and punishment in this World.
We
hold that the state of hypocrisy is the intermediate position
between faith and polytheism.
We
hold that Hypocrites are neither Believers nor Polytheists.
We
hold that Polytheists are neither believers nor Hypocrites.
We
believe that the believers are neither Hypocrites nor
Polytheists; and whosoever calls any one of these by the name of
another is an 'infidel-ingrate.'160
We
hold that there is no intermediate position between faith and
disbelief.
We
hold that he is an 'Infidel-ingrate' him who maintains that the
whole of faith is monotheism, and all disbelief is polytheism.
We
hold that Allah forgives the minor sins of those who avoid major
sins, but He does not forgive major sins except through
repentance.
We
hold belief in designating as 'infidel-ingrate' the profligate
woman who has sexual intercourse not per vulvam.
We
hold belief in designating as 'infidels-ingrate' those who
practice interpretation erring in their interpretation.
We
hold that the names are subject to the statutes, and we hold
that the statutes affecting Monotheists are not like the
statutes affecting Polytheists, and that the statutes affecting
Polytheists are not like those affecting Monotheists.
We
hold that the statutes affecting the Monotheists in their
relation with each other are one and the same, except for (walayah)
and designation as Believers, for only Muslims who fully
discharge their religious obligations are entitled to these.
We
hold that the People of the Book; the Jews, the Christians and
the Sabaeans are not hypocrites, but they are Polytheists.
We
hold that he who alters the statutes of Allah or His Apostle is
a Polytheist.
We
hold that he who denies "individual reasoning' ra'y and the
Sunnah is an 'infidel-ingrate.'
We
hold that Allah's proof to His servants is the Books and
Apostles.
We
hold that there is no hijrah after the opening up (fat`h) of
Mecca.
We
hold that gnosis of God cannot be attained through reflecting or
compulsion, and that it can only properly be arrived at through
an instructor and admonisher.
During the time of Abu Ubaidah Muslim b. Abi Karimah the seeds
of the splinter Nukkar group were planted. A number of his
intellectual students possessed and developed certain views on
theological and juridical problems. They were Abdullah b. Abd
al-Aziz, Abu al-Ma’ruf Shua’ib, Abu al-Mu’arrij Amr b.
Muhammad, Hatim b. Mansur, and Abdullah b. Yazid al-Fazari.
They expressed some of their views during the life of Abu
Ubaidah, but he refuted them and expelled them from the majalis.161
It is reported that they recanted and repented, and were allowed
to rejoin the meetings of the Ibadhis and participate in the
activities of the Ibadhi community in Basrah.162
After the death of Abu Ubaidah, they again asserted their views
left to the successor of Abu Ubaidah, al-Rabi b. Habib to refute
their views and denounce them.163
It
was these same men who founded the most important Ibadhi group
beside the original and the mainstream of the Ibadhi school, al-Wahbiyah.
The foundation of their movement as a political opposition to
the Wahbiyah began in North Africa, but the intellectual side of
the movement was started and developed by those scholars in
Basrah.
This splinter group was know as al-Nukkar (deniers), for their
denial of the Imamate of Abd al-Wahhab b. Abd al-Rahman b.
Rustam.164
They were also known by other names: Nakithah, Nakkathah,
Nukkath for the word ( ), to violate, because they violated
the oath they made to Abd al-Wahhab;165 al-Najwiyyah,
from the word al-Najwa, secret intrigue, which was known of them
when discussing the question of the Imamate after the death of
the first Rustamid Imam and the election of his son Abd
al-Wahhab.166
They were also called Mulhidah, blasphemers, because they
blasphemed regarding the names of Go;167
Yazidiyah, after their theologian Abdullah b Yazid al-Fazari, or
perhaps after their political leader in Tahert, Yazid b. Fandin;168
Shaghabiyah for the disturbance (shaghab) which they
brought about;169 and by Maslawah, the name of one of the main
Berber tribes of their adherents.170
The
Nukkar branch of the Ibadhi school was, in fact, an integrated
movement which tried to be independent of the mother Ibadhi
movement. They developed their own views on theology and
followed the opinion of heir own authorities in jurisprudence.
According to Ibadhi historians, Nukkar followed Abdullah b Abd
al-Aziz, Abu al-Mu'arrij, and Hatim b. Mansur in jurisprudence,
and Abdullah b. Yazid al-Fazari in theology.171 |
