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62.
Ibid., 989, 1001, 1004.
63.
Ibid., III, 985, 989.
64.
Ibid., III, 992; Ibn Abi
al-Hadid, op. cit., 85.
65.
Mubarrad, op. cit., III,
984.
66.
Ibid., III, 988, 989.
67.
Ibid., III, 991-97;
Tabari, Tarikh, V, 470-71.
68.
Ruqaishi, Misbah., 38;
Jumaiyil b. Khamis, Qamus al-Shari'ah., Ms. Part 88, the page
relating to the subject; al-Qutb, Risalah shafiyah., 43.
69.
al-Baghturi, Maqran b.
Muhammad, Siyar Masha'ikh Nufusah, Ms. 3.
70.
Salim b. Dhakwan, Sirah.,
204; Abu Qahtan, Sirah., 24-25.
71.
See below, 402-407.
72.
Barradi, Jawahir., 165;
Ibn Dhakwan, Sirah., 205.
73.
Mubarrad, Kamil., III,
1039-1040; Ibn 'Abd Rabbih, al-'Iqd al-farid., II, 397-98.
74.
Salim b. Dhakwan, Sirah.,
220-221.
75.
Barradi, al-Bahth al-Sa'diq
wa al-'Istikshaf., I, 35; Warijlani, al-Dalil., Ms. 13b - 14a.
There is a detailed discussion of the question of the Ma-riqah
in the Sirah of Shabib b. 'Atiyah where he refuted the
application of the Tradition about the Mariqah to the Muhakkimah
party as was largely done by the Sunnis.
76.
There are different
versions of this Tradition reported in the Collections of Hadith.
A.J. Wensinck, Concordance el tudices de la Tradition Musulmane,
Leiden, 1967, VI, 204. The Ibadhi version is reported in Musnad
al-Rabi b. Habib., I, 15. See also: Salimi, Hashiyat al-Jami'i
al-sahih., Cairo, 1326 H., I, 56-60. The translation of this
Tradition quoted here is taken from Wensinck, A.J., Muslim
Creed., 1965, 41-42.
77.
Salimi, op. cit., I. 59.
78.
Al-Sufi, Abu 'Amr 'Uthman
b. Khalifah, Risalah fi bayan kulli firqah., Algiers. n.d., 61.
79.
Salim b. Dhakwan, Sirah.,
204; Abu Qahtan, Sirah., 37; al-Kadmi, K. al-'Istiqamah., 35.
The term Khawarij al-jawr is used in many places in K. Bayan al-Shar'a'
of Muh. b. Ibrahim al-Kindi, Ms III.
80.
See below, 402-407.
81.
Qur'an: VI, 121, See
also: Warijlani, Dalil., 92 b.
82.
This term
'infidel-ingrate' is suggested by my supervisor Professor R.B.
Serjeant for the Arabic term, kafir kufr ni'mah, which is used
in Ibadhi writings for the Muslims who commit grave sins. The
term was used to distinguish them from kuffar (sin. kafir) which
can be used also for Polytheists.
83.
Mubarrad, Kamil., II,
891.
84.
Salim b.Dhakwan, Sirah.,
204., 225; Abu Qahtan, Sirah., 85.
This Tradition is
reported in most of the collections of Hadith: See A.J. Wensinck,
concordance el Indices de la Tradition Musulmane, Leiden. 1969
VII, 67.
86.
See below, 227, 260.
87.
Shahrastani, Milal.,
I,186. Baghdadi, al-Farq bain al-firaq., 50-51.
88.
Loc. cit.;See the
argument of Nafii' for these issues in his letter to Najdah in:
Mubarrad, Kamil., III, 1035-37; Ibn 'Abd Rabbih, al-'Iqd al-Farid.
For more details about the views of Azariqah and the other
Khariji groups, see, Elie Adib Salim, Political theory and
institutions of the Khawarij., Baltimore, 1956. Although the
author in this work presented a useful study of the Khawarij in
general, the views given about the Ibadhi school were not
satisfactory, and the Ibadhi literature was not properly used.
See also about the views of the Azariqah and other Kharijites,
Watt. Islamic Philosophy and Theology, Edinburg, 1967, 10 ff.
89.
See below, 70-72.
90.
Baghdadi, Farq., 52, 54.
Shahrastani, Milal., I, 163 ff.
91.
There was, for example,
the wars of the Ibadhis of Oman against Shaiban, the leader of
the Sufris. Salimi, Tuhfah., I, 77; and the war of Abu al-Khattab
'Abd al-'A'la the Ibadhi Imam of North Africa against the Sufris
of Warfajjumah in Qairawan, Ibn 'Idhari, Bayan., 82; Ibn Khaldun,
Tarikh., IV, 191; Nuwairi, Nihayah., 44; both wars were fought
on religious grounds.
92.
Qur'an: X.32.
93.
This statements refers to
the Qur'anic verse. "God has preferred in rank those who
struggle with their possessions and their selves over the ones
who sit at home." Qur'an: IV.95.
94.
Salim b. Dhakwan, Sirah.,
204.
95.
Ibid., 205.
96.
Qur'an: IX.99.
97.
Salim b. Dhakwan, op.
cit., 206.
98.
See the Qur'an: XI.28 ff.
99.
Salim b. Dhakwan, op.
cit., 206-7.
100.
Ibid., 210-11.
101.
Ibid., 211-12.
102.
Bisyani, Sirah., Ms. 17;
Warijlani, Dalil., 13 b - 14 a: al-'Adl wa al-'insaf., Ms. 11,
310 ff.; Qalhati, Kashf., 197 a - 204 a.
103.
Isfahani, 'Aghani., XIII,
112; Jumaiyil b.Khamis, Qamus al-shari'ah., Part 88, the page
related to the subject.
104.
Ibn 'Abd Rabbih, al-'Iqd
al-farid., I, 261: Mubarrad. Kamil., III, 1041.
105.
Jumaiyil b. Khamis loc.
cit.
106.
107, Loc. cit.
108.
Loc. cit.
109.
Qur'an: X.32.
110.
Ibn Dhakwan, Sirah.,
221-223.
111.
Ibid., 223-24.
112.
Ibid., 224-25.
113.
Williams, John Alden,
Islam., New York, 1961, 218.
114.
Ibid., 218-219.
115.
Ibid., 216. For the
different versions and complete texts of the sermons of Abu
Hamzah see: Jahiz, Bayan., II, 121-25; 'Isfahani, Aghani.,
XXIII. 130-139; Ibn 'Abd Rabbih, al-'Iqd al-farid., IV, 144-47.;
Ibn Abi al-Hadid, Sharh Nahj al-balaghah., V, 114 ff. Darjini,
Tabaqat., 251-55; Ibn Sallam, Bad'ul-'Islam., Ms. 45-46.
116.
Macdonald, Duncan B.,
Development of Muslim theology, Jurisprudence and Constitutional
theory., Beirut. 1956, 24. |
